Synthetic polymers represent a very large subfamily of materials for developing biomaterials as autologous or donated graft material for bone tissue engineering. (b) The structure of C 60 contains twelve six carbon rings and twenty five carbon rings. Hu, J. Polyester can be both an amorphous and a semi-crystalline polymer, depending on its production and thermal history. Polymers are a class of materials comprising small repeating chemical units. Polymers. A polymer is an example of a macromolecule, the name given to a large molecule. 15 is from Z. 2) High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Collectively, Polyethylene is the most common plastics in the world, but it’s classified into three types: High-Density, Low-Density and Linear Low-Density. Mohamed M. A thermosetting plastic, or thermoset, solidifies or "sets" irreversibly when heated; they cannot be reshaped by heating. Polyethylene is utilised in bottles, electrical insulation, toys, etc. The term melting point, when applied to crystalline polymers, suggests a transition from a crystalline or semicrystalline phase to an amorphous melt. Polymer also publishes work on the technological application of polymers in energy and optoelectronics. The most common way of classifying polymers is to separate them into three groups - thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. These polymers are formed through free radical polymerization. This reflects the fact that above Tg they may be shaped or pressed into molds, spun or cast from melts or dissolved in suitable solvents for later fashioning. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. Hydrophilic polymers are a major area of polymer research with prominent fields of application, e. Conductivity polymers have high melting and softening points because the mobility of the repeat units is highly restricted due to the presence of a fully aromatic ring structure and the absence of free rotating groups. The linear polymers can be further classified as “homopolyesters”, which only have 1 acid and 1 glycol (24. Synthetic polymers are known as plastics. As such, studies regarding hydrophilic polymers are an important part of polymer science. Cross-linked polymers, in which the molecular structure is a network, are thermosetting resins (i. σ = m S strain shear • small m → stretches easily/compresses easily (rubber) • large m → small strain produced by stress σ (hard plastics — PMMA) viscoelastic medium stress elastic modulus strain → displacement F ∆x F x ksmall kbig F x. 8K views•19 slides. Polyolefins can be manufactured by the injection molding and extrusion. High performance polymers such as polysulfones are used as overhead passenger service modules on aircraft. Biodegradable polymers are gaining much importance as a “green” alternative to commercially available nondegradable polymers. It offers excellent flow characteristics, can produce parts with very thin walls, and has an operating range of up to 464°F (240°C). By definition, polymers are large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks. , 2012). , 2009; Yun, Kim, & Choi, 2017). 010. See morePolymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules that are multiples of simpler chemical units. All kinds of polymers, either conventional engineering polymer or newly developed one, from thermoset and thermoplastic to vitrimer, are included. "Before the 1930s," wrote John Steele Gordon in an article about plastics for American Heritage, "almost everything people saw or handled was made of materials that had been around since ancient times: wood, stone, metal, and animal and p The mechanical properties of polymers are a measure of the deformation resistance under an applied force. , in drug delivery [ 1 ], self-assembly [ 2, 3 ], or catalysis [ 4 ]. [2] Photo-oxidation causes the polymer chains to break ( chain scission ), resulting in the material becoming. Physical and mechanical testing of polymers ensures that material complies with industry specifications. Polymers are either organic material, i. From a collection of the mentioned studies and other valuable researches, there is a comprehensive classification of natural polymers currently used in food packaging, which is summarized in Table 16. Synthetic polymers: The polymers which are prepared in the laboratory are called synthetic polymers. For example, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, etc. Conducting polymers are extensively studied due to their outstanding properties, including tunable electrical property, optical and high mechanical properties, easy synthesis and effortless fabrication and high environmental stability over conventional inorganic materials. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are a class of advanced polymers that retain a highly ordered molecular structure both in their solid and liquid phases. [6] Due to their broad spectrum of properties, [7] both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. The simplest definition of a polymer is long chain formed by joining many smaller molecules, called monomers [source: Larsen ]. Even the DNA in your cells is a polymer. Grafting zwitterionic functional groups onto. Understanding the formation and properties of polymers gives an insight into how they are used in everyday life. Polymers usually have high melting and boiling points. Areas in which polymers are important include: 1. , they form under the influence of. Bio-based polymers that exhibit superior performance relative to petroleum-based incumbents can encourage industry adoption and offset fossil carbon use. The intermolecular forces may be hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interaction. Although conducting polymers have a lot of The Applications section of polymers. Polymers are classed as follows based on the type of polymerization: Condensation Polymers: These polymers combine monomers and remove tiny molecules such as water and alcohol. Examples include cellulose, rubber, silk, wool, and so on. They are often water-based. g. very large molecules made up of thousands to millions of atoms that form a sequence of repeat units. Addition Polymers. This chapter gives an introduction to polymers and polymer types. Vinyl polymer. The size of these molecules, as is explained in chemistry of industrial polymers, is extraordinary, ranging in the thousands and even millions of atomic mass units (as opposed to the tens of atomic. A Polymer is a very big molecule or complexly structured material made up of macromolecules, which are small, simple compounds that repeat themselves to make polymers. Polymers are materials with increasing utilisation as engineering materials in the last 40 years. Further Information Article Processing Charges Pay an Invoice Open Access Policy Contact MDPI Jobs at MDPI Guidelines For Authors For Reviewers For Editors For Librarians For Publishers For Societies For Conference OrganizersPolyester. Baird, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003 VII. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum. 1130. A thermoplastic is a class of polymer that can be softened through heating and then processed using methods such as extrusion, injection moulding, thermoforming and blow moulding. Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units in long chains, sometimes with branching or cross-linking between the chains. There are 3 principal classes of polymers – thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Let us briefly discuss these natural polymers: Starch: It is a polymer which forms the food reserve for all the plants. Several approaches have been used for the processing of polymer nanofibers. Synthetic polymers are an important component of biomaterials that are used as implant materials, drug delivery devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds or hydrogels [65–67]. Polymers Question 3: Identify the correct statements from the following : (a) CO 2 (g) is used as refrigerant for ice-cream and frozen food. 215. Polymers are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers. Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The alkaline property of these polymers allows them to maintain their material properties in the alkaline cementitious environment [35]. Small molecules and ions form a three-dimensional lattice with an extended regular structure that makes large crystals. An acrylate polymer (also known as acrylic or polyacrylate) is any of a group of polymers prepared from acrylate monomers. Plasticization of polymers by penetrants is a significant challenge for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). D. They will be presented by 4 sub-themes: Enhance Mobility, Improving Life,. Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. They have relatively low melting and degradation temperatures, so this can be a limit for use at. The word POLYMER comes from the Greek words poly means many and mer means parts . In the present era, every activity of our life revolves around polymers and plastic materials. Polymers Rana zia ur Rehman. Dr. Polymers stabilize soils through interactions with soil particles. It will be demonstrated through our various polyurethane solutions based on bio-based or recycled materials, or optimizing production processes that enables a more sustainable future. Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers. A common name for many. Shape memory polymers (SMP's) in optoelectronic devices. Depending on the polymerization reaction conditions, the resulting polymer can be a simple linear chain of linked carbon atoms. The formation of coordination compounds is one of many important aspects of inorganic chemistry. Zwitterionic polymers, including polyampholytes and polybetaines, are polymers with both positive and negative charges incorporated into their structure. Classification of Polymers: A polymer is a natural or synthetic substance made up of large molecules known as macromolecules which are a combination of many subunits called monomers. 9. The linear polymers can be further classified as “homopolyesters”, which only have 1 acid and 1 glycol (24. There are polymers produced from feedstocks derived either from. The cross-linking restricts the motion of the chains and leads to a rigid. A challenge in this. It is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. The. 10 Barrel x Poler Stowaway Chair. Polymers make up many of. The term polymer is often used to describe plastics, which are synthetic polymers. . Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. Polymers are widely used advanced materials, which are found almost in every material used in our daily life. The improved performance of those materials can include. Some uses are given below-. Polypropylene (PP) is a tough, rigid, and crystalline thermoplastic. It is a member of the polyester family of polymers. Two classes of biodegradable polymers can be distinguished: synthetic or natural polymers. They are becoming a growing field of research [19, 20] day by day. Building these aliphatic polyester polymers into larger macromolecular frameworks provides further control over polymer characteristics and opens up unique applications. They might be made from a variety of wastes. The field of geopolymers is a part of polymer science, chemistry and technology that forms one of the major areas of materials science. Thermosets also present an increased utilisation as reinforcing and structural materials. In this regard, it is widely accepted that polymer properties such as chemistry, charge, and block composition, as. [1] In popular usage, "vinyl" refers only to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PP has become a material of choice when you are. Learning Objectives. e. Polymers are those that consist of duplicate structural units known as monomers. This limiting view was challenged by Hermann Staudinger, a. William Reusch. Some common addition polymers are listed in Table 27. elastomer, any rubbery material composed of long chainlike molecules, or polymers, that are capable of recovering their original shape after being stretched to great extents—hence the name elastomer, from “elastic. There are 3 principal classes of polymers – thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Simple polymers are named after their monomers; the ethylene polymer is formally called poly (ethylene), although in common use, the names are used without parentheses: polyethylene. In daily life, it is most commonly referred to as a form of fiber called Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polymers such as cationic dextran or chitosan possess, aside from the introduced cationic functionalities, additional hydroxyl as well as aldehyde groups, which are suitable for functionalization. Chemical inertness, or resistance to many types of chemical breakdown, is a desirable property in many synthetic polymers. Polymer Fundamentals. Due to the extensive safety testing required for new excipient approval, the introduction and use of new. Definitions. As an example, samples of polyethylene prepared under high pressure (5000 atm) have high crystallinities (95 - 99%), but are extremely brittle 21. Synthetic polymers A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic (polythene), synthetic fibres (nylon 6,6) and synthetic rubbers (Buna - S) are examples of man-made polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. [1]In polymer chemistry photo-oxidation (sometimes: oxidative photodegradation) is the degradation of a polymer surface due to the combined action of light and oxygen. Synthetic polymers are. Another category of polymers is that of Biopolymers. 1. Biomedical polymers are macromolecular compounds obtained from natural origin. are examples of natural polymers. Cellulose in paper and trees. In polymer science, star-shaped polymers are the simplest class of branched polymers with a general structure consisting of several (at least three) linear chains connected to a central core. The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of 12 polyfluorinated polymers in cosmetic products; most of these ingredients have the. Click the help icon for more information on the differences between Individual User accounts and Workspace. Polymers are large molecules made of small, repeating molecular building blocks called monomers. Cellulose is another natural polymer which is a main structural component of plants. The 3D-printed conducting polymers show small changes in the electrical conductivity (less than 5%) across a wide range of tensile and compressive bending conditions (radius of curvature, ±1–20. Polymer is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing innovative and significant advances in Polymer Physics, Chemistry and Technology. In these types of condensation processes, the monomers are bi-functional or tri-functional. g. It is one of several types of silicone. , in drug delivery [ 1 ], self-assembly [ 2, 3 ], or catalysis [ 4 ]. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins. Another type of polymer is the condensation polymer, which is a polymer made when two different monomers react together and release some other small molecule as a product. ' Bonds between. As shown in Figure 14c , the plasma polymers have the high cross-linking property resulting from continuous fragmentation and random recombination during plasma polymerization; that is, the polymers obtained using plasma techniques show better mechanical stability and fewer morphological changes [74,114,117]. Polymers are molecular materials that exhibit a variety of forms and functions and are the basis of many industries. 5. Let's begin by looking at an artificial polymer that is known to everyone in the form of flexible, transparent plastic bags: polyethylene. These macromolecules are generally repeating chains of smaller molecules or monomers. A large number of publications in the field of nanofibers have been dedicated on polymer nanofibers because of their unique properties and variability of applications [1,2,3]. Conductive Polymers. 1. Since many years, people used polymers in their life but they did not know it well almost until World War II. Thermal analysis is used to study the thermal stability, melting point, glass transition temperature (Tg), and flammability, etc. Branched polymers have attracted increasing interest due to their numerous and various applications originating from a large variety of available polymer topologies, compositions, or morphologies for phase separating systems, as emulsifier and interfacial compatibilizers, or for surface modification properties. For polymers, we apply a stress , and it leads to internal distortion → strain . They can be classified into four main categories: thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, and synthetic fibers. They behave in a relatively ductile manner but often have low strength. The type of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to the reactants. [5] Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time. To download Lecture Notes, Practice Sheet & Practice Sheet Video Solution, Visit UMEED Batch in Batch Section of PhysicsWallah App/Website📲PW App Link - ht. Addition Polymers: These polymers are formed by repeatedly interconnecting monomer units without separating any small molecules. MS of polymers and polymeric surfaces is a comprehensive field of ongoing polymer-based researches. The polymers sessions are prerequisites for Sessions 30-32 on biochemistry. Polymers can also be classified based on their structural organization. We welcome submissions on polymer hybrids, nanocomposites, characterisation and self-assembly. Abstract. Polymers are made up of smaller repeating units, called monomers, which are linked together by covalent bonds. Homepage. Alternate Co-polymers: Polymers comprising of alternating A and B units. Page ID. Abstract. Naturally, polymers are found all around us; from DNA strands to minerals such as diamonds and quartz and man-made materials like concrete, glass, paper and plastics. In 2017, PET made up 34% of the total plastics market. Description. Polymers are extremely abundant in the world. 1) all impact the final properties of the material. One example is a polymer that undergoes conformational change in response to pH change. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, and they constitute the basis of certain minerals and human-made materials, such as paper and plastics. Although conducting polymers have a lot of 2021 Reviews in RSC Advances. It is made from propene (or propylene) monomer. The formation of coordination compounds is one of many important aspects of inorganic chemistry. When applied to polymers, the term crystalline has a somewhat ambiguous usage. Polymers are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers. carbon-based, or inorganic polymer, for example silicon-based. Summarize the key properties of polymers that determine their suitability for various applications. Various types of biodegradable polymers (e. Polymers are a class of materials comprising small repeating chemical units. Electro-spinning is the main method to obtain a fibrous biomaterial. Many thermoplastic polymers are reinforced with fibres. Conductivity polymers show excellent chemical, thermal and oxidative stability due to low. They are a unique class of smart materials with great potential in a broad range of applications in nanotechnology, biomaterials science, nanomedicine and healthcare, as additives for. A copolymer is a polymer that is made up of two or more monomer species. (Fig. Biodegradable polymer Examples include PHB, PGA, PLA, and PHBV. Copolymers is made when two or more different monomers are polymerized together to. The world of plastics and polymer analysis is full of subtleties, from the right monomer, additives and fillers to the use of polymer blends to precisely design the properties of the. Inset figures along elastomer curve (green) adapted from Fig. 64 This section reviews advances in the synthesis of. 9. Polymers are extensively exploited as active materials in a variety of electronics and energy devices because of their tailorable electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, facile processability, and they are lightweight. Polyurethane is a family of polymers with widely ranging properties and uses all based on the exothermic reaction of organic polyisocyanates with polyols (an alcohol containing more than one hydroxyl group). Many of the same units (or mers) are connected together to form a long chain or polymer. 3. g. Polymers can be characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). And stay tuned for future follow-up. Spandex used as synthetic fibre is a block copolymer, other block polymers like polyester and polyamide TPEs have applications in hose tubing, sports goods and automotive components. Thermosets. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such as cellulose, which is the main constituent of wood and paper. In contrast, other hydrophilic controlled-release excipients, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, are linear polymers, not chemically crosslinked and, therefore, water-soluble. ”. High impact Polystyrene (HIPS) 2. Addition polymers from alkene monomers or substituted alkene monomers are the biggest groups of polymers in this class. Polymers that can respond to external stimuli are of great interest in medicine, esp. We make the categorization characteristics of polymers according to their physical natures generally. Piezoelectric polymers have some distinct advantages in these cell culture applications. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate. Biodegradable materials are used in packaging, agriculture, medicine and other areas. 14. Heat-resistant PLA can withstand temperatures of 110 °C. Starches in plants such as potatoes and maize. Plastics VS Polymers. Natural polymers include: Proteins, such as hair, nails, tortoiseshell. Polyvinyl chloride (alternatively: poly (vinyl chloride), [6] [7] colloquial: polyvinyl, or simply vinyl; [8] abbreviated: PVC) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic polymer of plastic (after polyethylene and polypropylene ). 🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Polymer modified mortar is produced by mixing water with polymeric admixtures, Portland cement, and sand. We welcome submissions on polymer hybrids, nanocomposites, characterisation and self-assembly. The polymerization of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid to produce. A "strong" polyelectrolyte is one that dissociates completely in solution for most reasonable pH values. Polymers, in particular, have additional advantages as they. This video covers: how to identif. Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) allow for the development of stimuli-responsive polymer-based materials that can undergo substantial recoverable deformation in response to an external stimulus. 4. The range of applications of such materials is huge, covering medical, industrial, electronics, textiles and others, and development across all. The classification of polymers has three elements: Thermoplastic(TP) polymers, thermosetting(TS) polymers, and elastomers(E). Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into solid objects of various shapes. 2. The building block or the repeating unit in the polymer is called a monomer. Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. Poly (methyl acrylate) One of the most important acrylic polymers is poly (methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, which is sold under the trade names Lucite and Plexiglass. Polymers are a wide group of naturally created and synthetic substances constructed from large macromolecules. 24, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Technology and IP Analysis of Upcycled Polymers" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets. They make up the components of many objects used in daily life: plastic containers,. Polymers. A common name for many. 2 Microcapsules. Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. First, piezoelectric polymers are generally considered to be more biocompatible than piezoelectric ceramics [Citation 41]. Polymers are both man-made and naturally occurring. Crystalline polymers have greater chemical resistance due to their densification. Polymers used to manufacture implantable drug delivery devices can be divided into two categories: biodegradable and non-biodegradable . DNA . B Film Casting. Introduction Polymers were considered to be electrical insulators before the invention of conducting polymers (conjugate polymers), but these organic polymers have unique electrical and optical properties similar to those of inorganic semiconductors. Piezoelectric polymers have some distinct advantages in these cell culture applications. Biopolymer. 9. Polymers are organic macromolecules, a long carbonic chain, composed by structural repeat entities, called mer. First, it talks about mechanical and rheological properties of different types of polymers, polymer states, and molecular weight distribution. The scenario described above—a world surrounded by polymers, plastics, and synthetic materials—represents a very recent phenomenon. Shape memory polymers are an exciting area of polymer innovation. 1 Role of polymer additives. Some acquaintances are: Celulosa . Examples include polyethylene-vinyl acetate (PEVA), nitrile rubber, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Polymers in everyday things Background information for teachers Polymers are a part of everyday life and examples can be found almost anywhere. During the polymeriation of ethene, thousands of ethene molecules join together to make poly (ethene) - commonly called polythene. 33. These polymers are not soluble and are swellable in water. The term polymer in Greek means ‘many parts’. 15, Callister 7e. The methods include DTA, DSC, DMA, TMA, and TGA. A polymer is analogous to a necklace made from many small beads (monomers). The past decades have seen significant research effort in the field of polymers for a range of biomedical applications, driven by the promising prospect of these materials for realizing next generation therapeutics in the clinic. Page ID. Polymers provides an interdisciplinary forum for publishing papers which advance the fields of (i) polymerization methods, (ii) theory, simulation, and modeling, (iii) understanding of new. Polymers can be natural or synthetic. The reaction is done at high pressures in the presence of a trace of oxygen as an initiator. which polymers are synthesized from monomers is termed polymerization; however, this is a generic term, since there are a number of chemical mechanisms involved in different polymerization reactions. INTRODUCTION Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers join together to form long chains . The length of the polymer chain is. Natural polymers are, as expected, naturally occurring macromolecules. Natural polymers include DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes, cellulose, collagen, silk, cotton, wool, and natural rubber. Young’s modulus of solids and foams increased by 78% and 113%, respectively, when the weight percentage of carbon fibers increased from 10% to 30%. Although silicon is in the same group as carbon in the periodic table, it has quite different chemistry. (d) CO is colorless and odourless gas. Biodegradable polymers have been widely focused nowadays in replacing the non-biodegradable polymers due to being non-toxic and environmentally friendly. For example Polyethylene, Polypropylene; Condensation Polymers: These are formed on the separation of small molecules such as \(H_2O\), \(NH_3\), HCI etc. 1. Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit drastic and discontinuous changes in their physical properties with temperature. It is also the simplest polymer, consisting of random-length (but generally very long) chains made up of two-carbon units. Without polymers there would be no plants or trees since cellulose is a polymer. Under the excitation of thermal, electrical, light, magnetic, microwave and other external environment, SMPs can remember the temporary shape and return to the initial state [1,2,3,4]. fiber science. 1 A conjugated carbon chain consists of alternating single and double bonds, where the highly delocalized. Recently, these materials have. Polymers. An addition polymer is a polymer which is formed by an addition reaction,. The polymers discussed in this essay, however, are primarily of the synthetic kind. Phenol formaldehyde resin. PSI's full range of services include chromatography, microscopy, titrations, wet chemistry, thermal analysis, spectroscopy, and metals testing and more. After completing this session, you should be able to: Define key terms used in polymer chemistry. Monomers. Origin of nonlinear transport phenomena in conducting polymers has long been a topic of intense controversies. Major disadvantages of non-biodegradable implants include the need for surgical removal, or accumulation of. The plastic or rubber. Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. In recent years there has been an increase in interest in biodegradable polymers. Polymer Fundamentals. Polymerization, or polymer synthesis, is a chemical reaction in which monomers are joined together by covalent bonding to form polymer structures. Biodegradable polymers can undergo bacterial decomposition to produce CO2, water and other inorganic salts which are harmless to nature. Polymers and their properties ripestone_ho. In this chapter, a comprehensive study on the general structure of polymers, their properties and applications has been carried out. Similarly, polyelectrolytes can be divided into "weak" and "strong" types. In general, plastics are characterized by high modulus and a relatively low percentage of elongation. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have revealed numerous applications in aerospace, automobile, sports, and many other industries [ 63, 64, 65 ]. This ability of sensing environmental changes makes SMPs more widely used in. Mohamed M. Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are a type of flexible, elastic polymer (elastomer) that change size or shape when stimulated by an electric field 1,2. Introduction. n CH 2 =CH 2 → [ CH 2 CH 2 ] n. 4. Draw the structure of an alternating segment of Saran, a copolymer of vinyl chloride (chloroethene) and vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethene). The product is polystyrene. [1] It is the most significant factor in the weathering of plastics. With. Because of their structure, polymers have unique properties that can be tailored for different uses. Shukla. Polymers in everyday things Background information for teachers Polymers are a part of everyday life and examples can be found almost anywhere. Two types of polymers are natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Shape-memory effects (SMEs) of these SMP-based.